Our research indicates that this represents the first identified case of B. sorokiniana-induced melting of creeping bentgrass in China. A scientific foundation for future disease management strategies will be established by this report. Exploring the prevalence of the disease on golf course putting greens across expansive regions of China necessitates additional research.

Viral infections in crops pose a major risk to the global food supply and the health of wild plant populations in natural habitats (Jones, 2020, and its cited resources). The limited knowledge about viruses affecting native flora in the Azores (Portugal) has resulted in their exclusion from conservation plans. Consequently, our choice fell upon Azorina vidalii (Campanulaceae), a plant species on the IUCN endangered list, indigenous to the Azores (according to Bilz, 2011), for the purpose of plant virus research. The coastal cliff, a harsh environment, often shelters vidalii, the singular species of its genus, in crevices lacking soil accumulation, exposed to both storms and sea spray, and valued for its ornamental attributes. Between the summer of 2021 and the fall of 2022, leaves were gathered from 53 asymptomatic A. vidalii plants, with three populations from Terceira Island and three from Flores Island, randomly selected. RNA extraction was accomplished with the aid of the Plant/Fungi Total RNA Purification Kit (Norgen Biotek, Canada). Six composite samples (AvT1 through AvT3, and AvF1, AvF4, AvF5), comprising pooled RNA extracts from respective populations, were sent to Lexogen (Austria) for small RNA library preparation and high-throughput sequencing. read more The output of single-end RNA sequencing, performed with the Illumina NextSeq2000 system, encompassed raw read numbers from 101 to 338 million. Trim Galore! and PRINSEQ were used to eliminate adaptors and low-quality reads. The trimmed reads were mapped to the genome of Adenophora triphylla, the closest relative to A. vidalii, accessible in the NCBI repository. The online VirusDetect tool (Zheng et al., 2017; database v248) was used to examine and categorize the 25-135 M unmapped reads for virus detection and characterization. Analysis of six composite samples revealed CMV (RNA1, 3045 nt maximum; RNA2, 2917 nt; RNA3, 2086 nt) sequences in five samples (AvT1, AvT2, AvT3, AvF1, and AvF5). Only one sample (AvT1) contained CMV satellite sequences, consisting of two contigs (145 nt and 197 nt). To definitively confirm the presence of CMV, a two-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted on each sample. Primers targeting the 513-base pair CMV RdRp gene were used (Grieco et al., 2000), generating 18 positive outcomes (34% of the overall sample count). Digestion profiles generated by AluI and MboI enzymes guided the selection of nine samples for Sanger sequencing. These samples included six from the Terceira Island (representing 6 of the 13 total) and three from the Flores Island (representing 3 of the 5 total). The resulting sequences, spanning OQ176229 to OQ176233 and OQ732757 to OQ732760, demonstrate a significant 972-100% identity. BLASTn analysis further suggests a 983-996% sequence similarity to CMV strain TN, represented by the accession AB176848. The MEGA11 (Tamura et al., 2021) Neighbour-Joining tree, supplemented by 237 additional CMV-RdRp sequences (see Supplementary material), indicated that A. vidalii CMV-derived isolates clustered alongside reference strains of subgroup II, consistent with the strains used by Roossinck (2002) in their phylogenetic analysis of the 2a ORF. Biomass estimation Within one of the A. vidalii populations, sequences for CMV, tomato spotted wilt virus, and polerovirus-associated RNAs were observed, but at lower coverage levels, necessitating further study. Our current knowledge indicates this to be the first reported case of CMV infection within the A. vidalli population. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), categorized under the Cucumovirus genus, is a highly significant agricultural virus and one of the most effective plant pathogens on record, infecting over 1200 plant species, per Palukaitis and Garcia-Arenal (2003). A. vidalii, being a crucial CMV reservoir and a potential risk to neighboring crop fields, warrants further research on the effect of CMV on its fitness.

Citrus sinensis Osbeck, the Gannan navel orange variety, exhibits unique characteristics. Newhall, a citrus fruit cultivar, enjoys widespread planting in Ganzhou City, within Jiangxi Province, China. The harvest of a Gannan navel orange took place in October 2022, from an orchard in Yudu County, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, China (25.95°N, 115.41°E). Following a two-week period of storage at room temperature, approximately 5% of the fruit deteriorated, becoming rotten. Initially, infected fruits exhibited small, circular, light brown spots, which subsequently expanded into a slightly water-stained, halo-like circle with slightly depressed margins. After sterilizing the surface of 10 infected fruits with 75% ethanol, 5-mm diameter pieces of the lesion edge were cut and subsequently placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for incubation at 25°C for five days. The collection yielded eight morphologically similar isolates. PDA culture observations showed dense, white, and fluffy aerial mycelia concentrated within the colony's center, with a gradual decrease in density toward the edges. Two conidia types were formed: alpha conidia, which were hyaline, ellipsoidal, or clavate, aseptate, and containing 2 oil droplets, measured 48 to 75 by 21 to 27 µm (n = 30). In beta conidia, a hyaline, aseptate, and filiform morphology was observed with a smooth surface, presenting a straight to sinuous shape. The dimensions ranged from 169 to 275 micrometers in length and 13 to 16 micrometers in width (n=30). The isolates' morphological appearances are comparable to those seen in members of the Diaporthe genus. To further confirm, genomic DNA was extracted from two representative isolates, JFRL-03-1130 and JFRL-03-1131. Primers ITS1/ITS4, Bt2a/Bt2b, CAL228F/CAL737R, EF1-728F/EF1-986R, and CYLH3F/H3-1b were employed to amplify and sequence the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, beta-tubulin (TUB), calmodulin (CAL), partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-), and histone H3 (HIS3) genes, respectively, as reported by Udayanga et al. (2015). The GenBank database now holds the nucleotide sequences, identified as OQ691637-OQ691638 (ITS), OQ701022-OQ701023 (TUB), OQ701016-OQ701017 (CAL), OQ701018-OQ701019 (TEF1-), and OQ701020-OQ701021 (HIS3), with their corresponding accession numbers. Using Phylosuite V12.2 (Zhang et al. 2020), maximum likelihood analyses were performed on the data set composed of ITS, TEF1-a, TUB, HIS3, and CAL. The isolates, as demonstrated by a phylogenetic tree with 100% bootstrap support, shared a clade with *D. unshiuensis*. Examination of the fungus's structural and molecular properties confirmed its species classification as D. unshiuensis. To assess pathogenicity, a sterile scalpel was employed to inflict wounds on 10 surface-sanitized fruits, and a 5-millimeter diameter mycelial plug of the JFRL 03-1130 isolate, cultivated on PDA at 25 degrees Celsius for seven days, was then inserted into the wound. Ten additional fruits were inoculated with sterile agar plugs as a control group, mirroring the previous set. At a controlled temperature of 25 degrees Celsius and 85 percent relative humidity, the fruits were cultivated, and the experiment was replicated twice. These fruits, inoculated with D. unshiuensis, demonstrated comparable rot symptoms after ten days, which were absent in the control group. The inoculated fruits yielded D. unshiuensis, as verified via molecular techniques, demonstrating Koch's postulates, a finding not observed in the control fruits. Citrus trees have been found to harbor Diaporthe unshiuensis, which is simultaneously an endophyte and a pathogen that causes melanose disease, as demonstrated by Chaisiri et al. (2020) and Huang et al. (2015). According to our findings, this is the first observed instance of D. unshiuensis causing postharvest citrus decay in Citrus sinensis. Prior studies, like the one conducted by Xiao et al. (2023), reveal the role of D. sojae in inducing postharvest fruit rot of citrus in China. Therefore, proactive strategies for managing postharvest fruit rot diseases, specifically those caused by Diaporthe species, are paramount to mitigate losses.

Categorized as a member of the Cannabeaceae family, Hop (Humulus lupulus) is a perennial herbaceous vine. The brewing industry commercially cultivates this crop, which is valued for its bitter and aromatic flavor as well as its antiseptic characteristics. The common hop plants in Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea, exhibited leaf spot and blight in the month of June 2021. Typical symptoms included small to large, dark brown necrotic lesions, displaying yellow halos on the leaves. This investigation sought to determine the agent responsible for causing this disease. Biophilia hypothesis By combining morphological observation with phylogenetic analysis using sequence datasets (ITS, Alt a1, rpb2, endoPG, and OPA10-2 for Alternaria alternata and ITS, gpd, and tef1 for Bipolaris sorokiniana), two fungal species, Alternaria alternata and Bipolaris sorokiniana, were isolated from affected leaf samples. Pathogenicity tests on fungal isolates, carried out on detached leaves and live plants, proved *B. sorokiniana* to be the disease's causative pathogen, contrasting with *A. alternata*, which might act as a saprophyte. The in vitro determination of B. sorokiniana's fungicide sensitivity was extended to include three fungicide classes: fluxapyroxad, pyraclostrobin, and hexaconazole. Fifty percent inhibition of spore germination (EC50) occurred at concentrations of 0.72 grams per milliliter, 1.90 grams per milliliter, and 0.68 grams per milliliter, respectively. Moreover, the efficacy of these fungicides, at their prescribed concentrations, extended to controlling B. sorokiniana on detached common hop leaves.