“
“An unresolved issue in behavioral studies of hemispheric asymmetry is why both left-handers and right-handers show a right ear advantage at the group level. In the present study we screened left-handers for left- versus right-hemisphere speech dominance with fMRI by comparing right versus left hemisphere frontal lobe activity (in Broca’s area) in a silent word generation task. A left hemisphere dominant right-handed control group was included as well. All participants took part in a dichotic listening task with consonant-vowel syllables. The results showed that left-handers and right-handers with left-hemisphere speech dominance showed a right ear

advantage. However, the left-handers with right hemisphere speech dominance had a left ear advantage. Selleckchem VX 770 Thus, at the group level the direction of the ear advantage in dichotic Nepicastat price listening was predicted by language dominance but not by hand preference. At the individual level, the dichotic task we used showed more variability than the fMRI results. Further research will

have to indicate whether this is a feature inherent to dichotic listening, or whether the variability is due to alternative explanations such as a more bilateral representation of speech perception compared to speech production. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Loss of the pulmonary microvasculature in the pathogenesis of emphysema has been put forward as a credible alternative to the classical inflammatory cell driven proteolysis hypothesis. Mechanistic studies in this area have to date employed animal models, immortalised cell lines, primary endothelial cells isolated from large pulmonary arteries and non-pulmonary tissues and normal human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Although these studies have increased our understanding of endothelial cell function, their relevance to mechanisms in emphysema is questionable. Here we report a successful technique

to isolate and characterise primary cultures of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells from individuals with severe emphysema.\n\nMethods: A lobe of emphysematous lung tissue removed at the time of lung transplantation surgery was obtained from 14 patients Copanlisib mouse with severe end-stage disease. The pleura, large airways and large blood vessels were excised and contaminating macrophages and neutrophils flushed from the peripheral lung tissue before digestion with collagenase. Endothelial cells were purified from the cell mixture via selection with CD31 and UEA-1 magnetic beads and characterised by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry.\n\nResults: Successful isolation was achieved from 10 (71%) of 14 emphysematous lungs. Endothelial cells exhibited a classical cobblestone morphology with high expression of endothelial cell markers (CD31) and low expression of mesenchymal markers (CD90, alpha SMA and fibronectin).

To explore this possibility, SPR was used to examine the interaction of Mini-Pg with Fn in the absence or presence of tPA. There was 50% more Mini-Pg binding to Fn in the presence of tPA

than in its absence, suggesting that formation of the tPA-Fn complex exposes a cryptic site that binds Mini-Pg. Thus, our data (a) indicate that high affinity binding of Pg to Fn is not essential for Fn cofactor activity, and (b) suggest that kringle 5 localizes and stabilizes Pg Etomoxir research buy within the tPA-Fn complex and contributes to its efficient activation.”
“Background: Neoplasms of the head and neck region are relatively uncommon in childhood. The present study aimed to describe and compare the anatomical and histopathological distribution of head and neck neoplasms in Persian pediatric and adolescent population.\n\nMethods: Patients who presented with primary head and neck tumors were included in this study. Orbital and skin tumors and neoplasms with secondary (metastatic) involvement of the head TGF-beta inhibitor and neck were excluded from the study. Based on the data obtained from a tertiary referral

hospital tumor registry and oncology department, a total of 152 benign and malignant neoplasms of the head and neck in patients aged 19 years or younger (99 boys), whom were reported to this institution between 2000 and 2007, were analyzed in this study. This number represented 10% of all pediatric and adolescent population.\n\nResults: The patients’ age at presentation was 1-19 years (median 12 years). The peak incidence was observed in the adolescent population (34.2% of patients). There were 136 (89.5%) malignant tumors and 16 (10.5%) benign neoplasms. Cervical lymph nodes, nasopharynx, sinonasal

and salivary glands were the most frequent primary sites and accounted for 60% of all primary sites. click here Lymphomas [Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (30%), Hodgkin's disease (25%)], carcinomas (20%), and sarcomas (10.5%) were the most frequent histopathological types.\n\nConclusion: The most frequent primary site, malignant histopathological type, and male-female ratio in our study were comparable with other reported series; however, the ratio of benign to malignant lesions is different from most studies. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This work presents the weightlength relationship of 63 species of fish belonging to 24 families. Data were collected monthly along the Parana state coast (Brazil) from August 2004 to July 2005 on five transects between 6 and 15 m. Several of these species had no previously published weightlength relationships.

Mutations in cholesterol transporters (ATP-binding cassette transporter G8 and Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1) are associated with reduced VLDL apoB secretion and increased LDL apoB production and catabolism. The ATP-binding cassette transporter G8 400K variant is a significant, independent

predictor of VLDL apoB secretion. Mutations in lipases (lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase) and transfer proteins (lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and cholesteryl ester transfer protein) alter their functional activity, which impact on VLDL and LDL kinetics.\n\nSummary\n\nMutations in genes that regulate intrahepatic apoB assembly and lipid substrate availability to the liver Caspase phosphorylation impact on VLDL apoB secretion. Lipoprotein tracer studies can provide functional insight into the potential impact of genetic polymorphisms in regulating apoB metabolism in humans.”
“Survival of probiotic bacteria during drying is not trivial. Survival percentages are very specific for each probiotic find more strain and can be improved by careful selection of drying conditions and proper drying carrier formulation. An experimental approach is presented, comprising a single-droplet drying method and a subsequent novel screening methodology, to assess the microbial viability within single particles. The drying method involves the drying of a single droplet deposited on a flat,

hydrophobic surface under well-defined drying conditions and carrier formulations. Semidried or dried particles were subjected to rehydration, fluorescence staining, and live/dead enumeration using fluorescence microscopy. The novel screening methodology provided accurate survival

percentages in line with conventional plating enumeration and was evaluated in single-droplet drying experiments with Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 as a model probiotic strain. Parameters such as bulk air temperatures and the carrier matrices (glucose, trehalose, and maltodextrin DE 6) were varied. Following the experimental approach, the influence on the viability as a function of the drying history could be monitored. Finally, the applicability of the novel viability assessment was demonstrated for samples obtained from drying experiments at a larger scale.”
“Many Selleck Autophagy Compound Library of the most virulent bacterial pathogens show low genetic diversity and sexual isolation. Accordingly, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the deadliest human pathogen, is thought to be clonal and evolve by genetic drift. Yet, its genome shows few of the concomitant signs of genome degradation. We analyzed 24 genomes and found an excess of genetic diversity in regions encoding key adaptive functions including the type VII secretion system and the ancient horizontally transferred virulence-related regions. Four different approaches showed evident signs of recombination in M. tuberculosis. Recombination tracts add a high density of polymorphisms, and many are thus predicted to arise from outside the clade.

Predefined target lesions were assessed for erythema, scaling, and plaque thickness. Primary endpoint was the proportion of subjects in each treatment group who achieved treatment success after 8 weeks, analyzed on an intent-to-treat ACY-738 inhibitor (ITT) basis. In the primary endpoint analysis, subjects missing 8-week outcomes data were classified as treatment failures regardless of their outcomes at earlier evaluations. As part of the sensitivity analysis, a last-observation-carried-forward (LOCF) approach to impute missing

8-week efficacy outcomes also examined treatment. Secondary endpoints included treatment success as a function of baseline ISGA score (mild or moderate), ISGA score of 0 or 1 (clear or almost clear), and effects of treatment on target lesion. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the study.\n\nResults: In the ITT population of Study I, treatment success after 8 weeks

was achieved by 14% of subjects in the calcipotriene foam group versus 7% of subjects in the vehicle foam group (p = 0.058). In the LOCF analysis, treatment success was achieved by more subjects with calcipotriene foam than with vehicle foam (15% vs 7%; p = 0.034). In Study 2, treatment success was achieved by more subjects in the calcipotriene foam group for the primary endpoint (27% vs 16%; p = 0.016) and the LOCF analysis (28% vs 16%; p = 0.010). selleck kinase inhibitor Subjects in the calcipotriene foam group exhibited better response rates than did the vehicle foam group for most of the secondary outcomes. Calcipotriene foam was safe with an overall incidence of AEs similar to those experienced in the vehicle foam group. Application-site reactions were noted in approximately 1-2% of subjects in each group. No AE was reported in more than 2% of subjects in the calcipotriene foam group. Treatment was discontinued because of AEs in approximately 2% of subjects in both groups.\n\nConclusions: In two

identically designed, phase III clinical trials, calcipotriene 0.005% foam was safe and effective for the treatment of mild to moderate plaque-type psoriasis for up to 8 weeks.”
“For some phytophagous insects, Compound Library egg maturation may be dependent on adult feeding. Accordingly, rates of egg maturation may be dependent on the quality and quantity of available food sources. In turn, oviposition behavior could be affected by diet quality via changes in egg load (number of mature eggs carried by a female). Experiments were conducted to determine whether adult feeding may affect oviposition behavior of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis. No-choice tests demonstrated that eggs accumulated in glassy-winged sharpshooter abdomens as time since last oviposition increased largely as a function of feeding plant species.

Clustering technique revealed that samples were grouped into three clusters that differed in their kernel oil content and size, and in their

relative embryo size. In the current investigation, there is evidence that IRAP/REMAP may be useful as markers in maize.”
“The integral interaction of signaling components in the regulation of visceral inflammation-induced central sensitization in the spinal cord has not been well studied. Here we report that phosphoinositide selleck screening library 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent Akt activation and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) in lumbosacral spinal cord independently regulate the activation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in vivo in a rat visceral pain model of cystitis induced by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (CYP). We demonstrate that suppression of endogenous PI3K/Akt activity with a potent PI3K inhibitor LY294002 reverses CYP-induced phosphorylation of CREB, however, it has no effect on CYP-induced phosphorylation of NR1 at Ser(897) and Ser(896); conversely, inhibition of NMDAR in vivo with MK801 fails to block CYP-induced Akt activation but significantly attenuates CYP-induced

CREB phosphorylation in lumbosacral spinal cord. This novel interrelationship of PI3K/Akt, NMDAR, and CREB activation in lumbosacral spinal cord is further confirmed selleck kinase inhibitor in an ex vivo spinal slice culture system exposed to an excitatory neurotransmitter calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Consistently we found that CGRP-triggered CREB activation can be blocked by both PI3K( inhibitor LY294002 and NMDAR antagonists MK801 and D-AP5. However, CGRP-triggered Akt activation cannot be blocked by MK801 or D-AP5; vice versa, LY294002 pretreatment that suppresses the Akt activity

fails to reverse CGRP-elicited NR1 phosphorylation. These results suggest that PI3K/Akt and NMDAR independently regulate spinal plasticity in visceral pain model, and target of a single pathway CRT0066101 cost is necessary but not sufficient in treatment of visceral hypersensitivity. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Cancer of the cervix is the third most common cancer in women worldwide, more than 85% of the cases occurring in developing countries such as China. In China, since a national cancer registry is already set up but with geographically limited data generated, the burden of cervical cancer is believed to be underestimated. High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) prevalence among women attending routine cervical cancer screening programs has been shown to correlate well with cervical cancer incidence rates based on independently obtained HPV prevalence data as well as findings for the worldwide cervical cancer burden.

“
“Background: Tyrosine phosphorylation of WASP is required for macrophage functions. Results: WASP phosphorylation is dependent on the Src tyrosine kinase Hck. Conclusion: Hck is the predominant kinase that phosphorylates WASP in cells and is required for WASP-dependent functions.

Significance: Although many tyrosine kinases can phosphorylate WASP, Hck appears to be the predominant kinase to phosphorylate WASP in macrophages in response to physiological ligands. We have shown previously that tyrosine phosphorylation of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) is important for diverse macrophage functions including phagocytosis, chemotaxis, buy Batimastat podosome dynamics, and matrix degradation. However, the specific tyrosine kinase mediating WASP phosphorylation is still unclear. Here, we provide evidence that Hck, which is predominantly expressed in leukocytes, can tyrosine phosphorylate WASP and regulates WASP-mediated macrophage functions. We demonstrate that tyrosine phosphorylation

of WASP in response to stimulation with CX3CL1 or via Fc receptor ligation were severely reduced in Hck(-/-) bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) or in RAW/LR5 macrophages in which Hck expression was silenced using RNA-mediated interference (Hck shRNA). Consistent with reduced WASP tyrosine phosphorylation, phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and matrix degradation are reduced in Hck(-/-) BMMs or Hck shRNA cells. In particular, WASP phosphorylation AZD9291 research buy was primarily mediated by the p61 isoform of Hck. Our studies also show that Hck and WASP are required for passage through a dense three-dimensional matrix and transendothelial migration, find more suggesting that tyrosine phosphorylation of WASP by Hck may play a role

in tissue infiltration of macrophages. Consistent with a role for this pathway in invasion, WASP(-/-) BMMs do not invade into tumor spheroids with the same efficiency as WT BMMs and cells expressing phospho-deficient WASP have reduced ability to promote carcinoma cell invasion. Altogether, our results indicate that tyrosine phosphorylation of WASP by Hck is required for proper macrophage functions.”
“Retroviruses have evolved effective strategies to evade the host immune response, such as high variability and latent infection. In addition, primate lentiviruses, such as HIV-1, have acquired several “accessory” genes that antagonize antiviral host restriction factors and facilitate viral immune evasion, thereby allowing continuous and efficient viral replication despite apparently strong innate and acquired immune responses.

\n\nMethods: We performed a two-stage genetic association study. We derived findings in an African American cohort (n = 222) using a cardiopulmonary disease-centric 50K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

array. Genotype and haplotype distributions were compared between subjects with ALI and without ALI, with adjustment for clinical factors. Top performing SNPs (P < 10(-4)) were tested in a multicenter European American trauma-associated All case-control population (n = 600 ALI; n = 2,266 population-based control subjects) for replication. The ALI-associated genomic region was sequenced, analyzed for in silico prediction of function, and plasma was assayed by ELISA and immunoblot.\n\nMeasurements and Main Results: Five SNPs demonstrated a significant association with ALI after adjustment for covariates in Stage I. Two SNPs Geneticin cost in

ANGPT2 (rs1868554 and rs2442598) replicated their significant association with ALI in Stage II. rs1868554 was robust to multiple comparison correction: odds ratio 1.22 (1.06-1.40), P = 0.0047. Resequencing identified predicted novel splice sites in linkage disequilibrium with rs1868554, and immunoblots showed higher proportion of variant angiopoietin-2 (ANG2) Selleckchem Cilengitide isoform associated with rs1868554T (0.81 vs. 0.48; P = 0.038).\n\nConclusions: An ANGPT2 region is associated with both ALI and variation in plasma angiopoietin-2 isoforms. Characterization of the variant isoform and its genetic regulation may yield important insights about ALI pathogenesis and susceptibility.”
“As a prerequisite for studies using mutant mice, we established a mouse model

for investigating the molecular mechanisms by which testosterone (T) promotes muscle growth. Groups of six adult male mice (C57BL/6) received one of the following treatments: 1) vehicle (sterile distilled water; normal control) and 2) GnRH antagonist with empty (sham control) or 2 cm T-filled implant. Mice were killed 2, 6, and 8 weeks after XMU-MP-1 treatment. T treatment for 8 weeks resulted in a significant (P < 0.001) increase in fiber area of gastrocnemius muscles. T-induced fiber-hypertrophy was accompanied by up-regulation of the Notch ligand Delta I and activation of Notch signaling, as evidenced by increase in activated forms of Notch 1 and Notch 2. Consistent with this, we also observed an increase in the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive nuclei in muscles of T-treated mice, indicating that activation of Notch signaling enhanced cell proliferation. T supplementation not only triggered p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation but also concurrently inhibited c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) activation within 2 weeks of treatment. Concomitant administration of SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, effectively blocked T-induced activation of Notch signaling and significantly (P < 0.

The treated patients obtain a larger normalization of the abdominal wall 1 week and 1 month after the operation.”
“Multidentorhodacarus saboorii n. sp. and Rhodacarellus iraniensis n. sp. (Acari: Mesostigmata: Rhodacaroidea: Rhodacaridae) are described

and figured. These are the first descriptions of Rhodacaridae mites from Iran.”
“Some enniatins (ENs) reportedly exhibit antiretroviral activities in vivo. The potential inhibitory activities of cyclic hexadepsipeptides such as beauvericin (BEA) and ENs H, I and MK1688 were investigated in vitro against human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) integrase and Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse Etomoxir chemical structure transcriptase. BEA, EN I and EN MK1688 exhibited strong inhibitory activities against HIV-1 integrase, whereas EN H showed relatively weak activity. None of the examined compounds showed anti-reverse transcriptase activity. BEA was the most effective inhibitor of the tested cyclic hexadepsipepticles in inhibiting HIV-1 integrase. These results indicate the potential of cyclic hexadepsipeptides as a new class of potent inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase. The Journal of Antibiotics (2009) 62, 687-690; doi:10.1038/ja.2009.102; published online 6 November 2009″
“Peripheral neuropathy is AZD6738 a common neurological disorder. There may be important differences and similarities in the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy

between North America (NA) and South America (SA). Neuromuscular databases were searched for neuropathy diagnosis at two North American sites, University of Kansas Medical Center and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, and one South American site, Federal Fluminense University in Brazil. All patients were included into one of the six major categories: immune-mediated, diabetic, hereditary, infectious/inflammatory, systemic/metabolic/toxic (not diabetic) and cryptogenic. A

comparison of the number of patients in each category was made between North America and South America databases. Total number of cases in North America was 1090 and in South America was 1034 [immune-mediated: NA 215 (19.7%), SA 191 (18%); diabetic: NA 148 (13.5%), SA 236 (23%); hereditary: NA 292 (26.7%), SA 103 (10%); infectious/inflammatory: NA 53 (4.8%), SA 141 (14%); systemic/metabolic/toxic: see more NA 71 (6.5%), SA 124 (12%); cryptogenic: NA 311 (28.5%), SA 239 (23%)]. Some specific neuropathy comparisons were hereditary neuropathies [Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) cases] in NA 246/292 (84.2%) and SA 60/103 (58%); familial amyloid neuropathy in SA 31/103 (30%) and none in NA. Among infectious neuropathies, cases of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) neuropathy in SA were 36/141(25%), Chagas disease in SA were 13/141(9%) and none for either in NA; cases of neuropathy due to leprosy in NA were 26/53 (49%) and in SA were 39/141(28%).

Triple inoculation

of G. aggregatum+B. coagulans+T. harzainum with Solanum viarum in a green house nursery study resulted in maximum plant biomass (plant height 105 cm and plant dry weight 12.17 g), P, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn and secondary metabolities [total phenols (129.6 mu g g(-1) f.wt.), orthodihydroxy phenols (90.6 mu g g(-1) f.wt.), flavonoids (3.94 mu g g(-1) f.wt.), alkaloids (5.05 mu g g(-1) f.wt.), saponins (5.05 mu g g(-1) f.wt.) and tannins (0.324 mu g g(-1) f.wt.)] of S. viarum seedlings. click here The mycorrhizal root colonization and spore numbers in the root zone soil of the inoculated plants increased. The enzyme activity namely acid phosphatase (53.44 mu g PNP g(-1) soil), alkaline phosphatase (40.95 mu g PNP g(-1) soil) and dehydrogenase (475.5 mu g PNP g(-1) soil) and total population of B. coagulans (12.5×10(4) g(-1)) and T. harzianum (12.4×10(4) g(-1)), in the root zone soil was found high in the triple inoculation with G. aggregatum+B. coagulans+T. harzianum that proved to

be the best microbial consortium.”
“Field experiments on intercropping in maize crop were conducted during 2008 and 2009 at Agriculture Research Institute, Tarnab Peshawar, Pakistan. The experiments were laid out in a randomized BMN 673 molecular weight complete block design comprising of 11 treatments, including weed free sole maize (WFMz), weedy check sole maize (WCMz), sole French beans (Fb), sole mung-beans (Mb), sole sunflower (Sf), intercropping maize-1-row+Frenchbean-1-row (MzFb 1:1), maize-1-row+Frenchbean-2-rows (MzFb 1: 2), maize-1-row+mungbean-1-row(MzMb 1:1), maize-1-row+mungbean-2-rows Selonsertib mouse (MzMb 1: 2), maize-1-row+sunflower-1-row (MzSf 1: 1), and maize-1-row+sunflower-2-rows (MzSf 1: 2). The treatments significantly affected the weeds and crop parameters. Weed density (136 weeds m(-2)) and fresh biomass (2769 kg ha(-1)) were highest in the WCMz and Mb, respectively. The intercropping treatments resulted in 35-56% reduction in weed population. All the intercropping treatments showed 6.46 to 23.93% increase in the yield of maize over WCMz, except

that in MzSf 1:2. Overall highest average grain yield of maize (3886 kg ha(-1)) was recorded in WFMz with 30.65% increase in yield over the WCMz (2695 kg). Among the intercropping treatments, maize yield was highest (3543 kg ha-1) in MzMb 1: 1, where the yield was 23.93% higher than the WCMz; though it was at par with the MzFb 1: 1 (3232 kg ha-1 with 16.62% yield increase over WCMz). The computed LER ranged between 1.023-1.294. Similarly, the cost benefit ratios (CBRs) ranged between 1.27 and 1.67. Among the intercropping treatments, highest CBR (1.64) was computed for MzSf 1: 2, followed by MzMb 1: 2 (1.58). Thus, intercropping reduced weed population, boosted maize performance, enhanced land utilization and increased farmers’ monitory advantage.

Environmental factors that have been associated with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease include depressive illness, various vascular risk factors, level of education, head trauma and estrogen replacement therapy. This complexity may help explain their high prevalence from an evolutionary perspective, but the etiologic complexity makes identification of disease-related genes much more difficult. The “endophenotype” approach

is an alternative method for measuring phenotypic variation that may facilitate the identification of susceptibility genes for complexly inherited traits. The usefulness of endophenotypes in genetic analyses of normal brain morphology and, in particular for Alzheimer’s disease will be reviewed PXD101 concentration as will the implications of

these findings for models of disease causation. Given that the pathways from genotypes to end-stage phenotypes are circuitous at best, identifying endophenotypes more proximal to the effects of genetic variation may expedite the attempts to link genetic variants to disorders. (C) 2009 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Marek’s disease virus (MDV) encodes a basic leucine-zipper protein, Meq, that shares homology with the Jun/Fos family of transcriptional factors. Conclusive evidence that Meq is an oncogene of MDV came from recent studies of a Meq-null virus, rMd5 Delta Meq. Nocodazole ic50 This virus replicated

well in vitro, but was non-oncogenic in vivo. Further characterization of this virus in vivo indicated that the meq gene is dispensable for cytolytic infection since it replicated well in the find more lymphoid organs and feather follicular epithelium. Since rMd5 Delta Meq virus was apathogenic for chickens, we set out to investigate whether this virus could be a good candidate vaccine. Vaccine efficacy experiments conducted in Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory (ADOL) 151(5) x 7(1) chickens vaccinated with rMd5 Delta Meq virus or an ADOL preparation of CV1988/Rispens indicated that the Meq-null virus provided protection superior to CV1988/Rispens, the most efficacious vaccine presently available, following challenge with a very virulent (rMd5) and a very virulent plus (648A) MDV strains. Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“To determine neurologic outcome in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and treatment with mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH). Seventy-three consecutive OHCA patients treated with MTH were retrospectively analyzed. Serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was measured 24, 48, and 72 h after admission.